Major Innovations in Technology free essay sample

When we started to make parts It was natural to create a single department of the factory to make that part, but usually one workman performed all of the operations necessary on a small part. The rapid press of production made it necessary to devise plans of production that would avoid having the workers falling over one another. Benjamin Franklin l inadvertently took the Stroke of two of those Jars thro my Arms and Body, when they were very near full charged.It seemed a universal Blow from head to foot throughout the Body, and was followed by a violent quick Trembling In the Trunk, which wore gradually off In a few seconds. It was some Moments before I could collect my Thoughts so as to know what was the Matter; for I did not see the Flash though my Eye was on the spot of the Prime conductor from whence It struck the Back of my Hand, nor did I hear the Crack though the Bystanders say it was a loud one; nor did I particularly feel the Stroke on my Hand, though I afterwards found it a d raised a Swelling there the bigness of half a Swan Shot or pistol Bullet. We will write a custom essay sample on Major Innovations in Technology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My Arms and Back of my Neck felt somewhat numb the remainder of the Evening, and my Breastbone was sore for a Week after, [as] if it had been bruised. What the Consequence would be, if such a Shock were taken through the Head, I know not. In a letter to Peter Collision, February 4, 1751 Major Innovations in Technology Between 1800 C. E. To 1900 C. E. In the Americas. By Question: What were the major innovations in technology between 1800 C. E. To 1900 C.E. In the Americas. Industrialization workmen brought to it the parts as they were needed in exactly the same way that one builds a house. When we started to make parts it was natural to create a single over one another.. .. Throughout the Body, and was followed by a violent quick Trembling in the Trunk, which wore gradually off in a few seconds. It was some Moments before I could though my Eye.

Panic Disorder and other Anxiety Disorders

Panic Disorder and other Anxiety Disorders Free Online Research Papers Panic Disorder is apart of a larger class of psychological disorders known as Anxiety Disorders. Subjects with panic disorder have what are known as panic attacks which can occur at any time for any number of reasons. During panic attacks subjects will have labored breathing, heart palpitations, chest pain, intense apprehension, and fear of losing control. There are medical and psychological ways of treating this disorder. The psychotherapy way of treating Panic Disorder is known as Panic Control Treatment. Panic Control Treatment can be split up into five main sections or steps. These sections include educate and inform subject with regard to symptoms, exposing the subject to interoceptive sensations that remind them of panic attacks, cognitive-behavioral therapy, deep muscle relaxation, and assigning homework. The first step in Panic Control Treatment is to educate and inform with regard to the symptoms. You start this by diffusing the danger and reassuring the subject that his symptoms do not have fatal consequences. Start with the heart rate, subject having panic attacks experience heart rates of up to 200 beats per min. Assure the patient they are not having a heart attack and the human heart can beat that way for days. Second is suffocation. Your brain has reflex mechanisms to make you breath. If a person feels like they are going to faint it is due to rapid breathing high in their chest with leads to a decrease of oxygen in the body causing hyperventilation. The effects of any change in the level of carbon dioxide include your heart pumping harder and faster, increased constriction of blood vessels in brain (feeling of dizziness disorientation), and increased alkalinity of nerve cells, (more jittery excitable). When this occurs the subject should breathe from their diaphrag m and/or use the vasa vegal reflex which involves putting palms together in front of chest to prevent fainting. Another technique is to breathe into a paper bag to prevent hyperventilation. The weakness the body is experiencing is due to dilated blood vessels and high levels of adrenaline. Dilated blood vessels keep the blood from circulating in a functional fashion. The second step is to expose the subject to clusters of interoceptive sensations that remind them of panic attacks. They do this by having the subject perform various tasks to create the sensations. This can include spinning in a chair to invoke nausea and dizziness, hyperventilating to cause tingling, disorientation, and shortness of breath. The therapeutic effects were proved by Carter in ’95. He found that safe places make a person less likely to panic therefore the sensations do not as a matter of course lead to panic. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy is the third step or section. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy starts with the basic attitudes and perceptions concerning the dangerousness of the feared situation. This starts with identifying the danger. Subjects are expected to keep a diary of cognitions and interoceptive sensations. The diary is to be put into the form of situation, symptom security, and thoughts. For example a subject is sitting in his office and begins to choke, feel mildly dizzy, and increased heart rate. Consequently the person begins thinking â€Å"Oh I can’t have a heart attack here! People will see me and I might get fired. I’m suffocating and I’m going to faint.† Next we try to explore external stimuli as a trigger. The office in this situation could have been stuffy and/or warm which caused these feelings of suffocations. Another possibility is that the subject was under a lot of stress and had negative or fearful thoughts before the symptoms o ccurred. Not all stimuli are in awareness therefore some probing or exploring of possibilities is necessary. Lastly decatasrophize the situation by using a disputation. The fourth step is deep muscle relaxation including systematic desensitization and breaking retraining. This is effective for many different reasons. One of these reasons is that the response is incompatible with fear therefore replacing it with relaxation. Jocobson’s research conducted during the 30’s found that S.N.S. arousal is not possible when striated muscles are relaxed. It was reported that deep muscle relaxation had a direct correlation with blood pressure decrease and improvement of ulcer catilus. Wolpe’s ’58 was the first experiment to develop a method fro treating phobias with muscle relaxation. This allowed for gradual exposure to stimuli that the subject fears while maintaining control of symptoms. In order for this to happen the subject must be trained to relax all muscles in the body. After this the subject sets goals and clarifies vague complaints. The next step is to develop hierarchies. The subject will then act out these hierarchi es gradually exposing them to the â€Å"supposedly† harmful stimuli. Apart of this step is the Anxiety Scale which is a common way of rating your current state of anxiety. The therapeutic effect of this is to reduce anxiety increases before cognitive and S.N.S. arousal are excessive. The final step of Panic Control Treatment is to assign homework. A lot to the therapy and treatment for panic disorder will be conducted during everyday life. This homework includes relaxation training, and challenging catastrophic thoughts. Another part of the homework is to enact the actual tasks, such as using the hierarchies and coping statements. Coping statements are statement subject repeat to themselves based on actual experiences. The National Institution of Mental Health conducted a study on Panic Control Therapy at four separate University research centers. The study original study was headed by Barlow in 1989 and the follow up also by Barlow in ’91. The 304 subjects in the study had a baseline of five panic attacks per week and were randomly assigned to four conditional groups. The study was carried out over 12 weeks. The independent variable in the study was P.C.T. and drug treatment. The drugs used in the study were Tricyclic Antidepressants. Group 1 was given P.C.T. and the drugs. Group 2 was given P.C.T. and a placebo. Group 3 was given only P.C.T. Group four received only the drug. Groups 1, 2, and 4 all had the same results. 90% of the subjects in these groups were panic free at the end of the 12 weeks. Group 3 only saw 49% of subject become panic free at end of 12 weeks. Other studies like this one were done by Barlow and Clark ’94, Barlow ’97, and Clark ‘2001 with a 15 month follow up. At the two year follow up the subjects in Groups 1, 2, and 4 were all panic free while Group 3 got sick again. In conclusion the National Institution of Mental Health, Public Health Division issued a quote, â€Å"The psychological treatment should offered initially, followed by drug treatment, for those patients who do not respond adequately of for those who psychological treatmen t is not available!† Research Papers on Panic Disorder and other Anxiety DisordersPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThree Concepts of PsychodynamicThe Hockey GameGenetic EngineeringPETSTEL analysis of IndiaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThe Spring and AutumnThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self

Questions and Answers Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Questions and Answers - Assignment Example He was responsible for coming up with designs of his products and with his market experience; he produced exactly what the customers wanted. He was passionate about satisfying his customers, and this made the business grow very fast. He employed people to do the actual production, and he spent much time developing new designs. With plenty of time to develop new designs, the firm was able to come up with a variety of designs to satisfy the market. The appearance of his shop also contributed to the success of his business. He ensured that the room was decorated with his products. The decoration produced an ambiance that caught the eye of the customers. The employees dressing were a crucial factor in promoting purchases. The employees’ dressing was elegant, and they wore the jewelry that was sold in the shop. He also developed a section to sell accessories such as ties and umbrellas that were decorated in the business colors and hence drew more customers to the business. He had a desire to increase his sales and expand his market share. However, it was quite challenging since all markets were unique (Martincich Retrieved from http://protectedpdf.iese.edu/descargas/M-663-E-1101156.pdf). The attempt to export jewelry to Geneva proved to be very challenging. A former employee had started producing similar products and selling them without his consent. He had a lot of emphasis on having stalls selling his products only as an attempt to reduce the copying of his designs. He did not perform a deep market research in Geneva and hence had no insight on the market. After his failure in Geneva, he decided to engage a marketer who would sell his products in other countries. He hoped that a good marketer who understood the market would provide a good link to many customers in other countries. However, he remained rigid on maintaining the prestige and

Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analysis - Case Study Example The top two occupations that offer the most job openings are postsecondary and elementary teachers with 892,000 and 587,000 job openings respectively. Middle school teachers and secondary school teachers held the 4th and 6th position in terms of job growth. The career with the least job openings is physical therapist at 72,000 jobs openings. Other than teaching positions five careers that have a good outlook for the period 2004-2014 are accounting, software engineers, physicians, lawyers, and managerial analysis. During this period the US economy will generate 486,000 jobs in accounting and 268,000 software engineer jobs. The primary reason people attend college is go obtain an education in order to find a job. The information provided on figure 6-2 is very valuable for college students because it provides them with data than can be used to make a change in their curriculums. It is not a wise investment to study a profession for which availability of jobs is limited. The chart was very useful, but it only provided data for 20 professions and there are hundreds of different occupations that require a college degree which were not mentioned in the

SWOT Analysis of New York City Police Department Research Paper

SWOT Analysis of New York City Police Department - Research Paper Example According to Henry, the major strength of the department lies in its management team who has taken various strategic steps for curtailing the accelerating crime rate in the city (14). Following are the strengths of NYPD: 1. Strong management team – When Bratton was given the charge of running NYPD, the foremost thing that he did was the organizational restructuring. The policies of the organization were changed and the entire structure was changed to ensure that the duties and responsibilities were properly divided among the divisions. Division of tasks leads to less workload and timely completion of the tasks. He developed a vision for the entire management team that has been helping the team in following a clear path of direction for effective performance in the region (Sugarman, 159). 2. Wide range of departments for specific purposes – The major strength of this organization lies in its varying range of departments as each one of them has been developed with a speci fic purpose. For instance, it has developed Emergency Service Unit, Traffic Enforcement District, Major Case Squad, Evidence Collection Team, Crime Scene Unit, Task Forces, Highway Patrol, Mounted Unit, Auxiliary Police, Technical Assistance Response Unit and many more (Nagy and Joel, 20). 3. Implementation of Compstat Technology – Compstat which stands for the Computerized Statistics program is a strategic management process that is goal-oriented. This system makes efficient use of three key components of NYPD i.e. business strategy, information technology and accountability of management for controlling the crime along with the police neighborhoods. It has been implemented in NYPD with the aim of oppressing the crimes and it enhances the quality of community’s life by providing the residents a safe and secured environment. The system has helped the organization in successfully fulfilling its mission (Henry, 2).

The Hardy Weinberg Theorem In Genetics Biology Essay

The Hardy Weinberg Theorem In Genetics Biology Essay Introduction The Hardy Weinberg Theorem is a mathematical formula that allows allele and genotype frequencies in a population of diploid or polypoid individuals to be interrelated, where the frequency of one allele is represented as p, and the frequency of the other is represented as q (the sum of which = 1.0). The sum of the different genotype frequencies (homozygotes and heterozygotes) also equates to 1.0. Where p and q are the frequencies of the alleles for a particular gene in a population, the genotype frequency can be expressed as: p ² + 2pq + q ² = 1 Where p ² = frequency of organisms that are homozygous for the first allele q ² = frequency of organisms that are homozygous for the second allele 2pq = frequency of heterozygous organisms The Hardy Weinberg equilibrium stays constant as long as there is random mating, no migration, no natural selection, no mutation and no genetic drift (N=infinite), (Fig. 1). N = infinite Figure 1. A graph to show the Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium. Put together using data from: Lori Lawsons lecture 15, Neutral Evolution and Genetic Drift, 2010 Therefore the population does not evolve. If an allele or genotype frequency is seen to change from one generation to the next then it is clear that one or more of the micro-evolutionary forces (mutation, migration etc) are acting on those traits in the population. Without mutation there are no new alleles or genes and so no evolution. Mutation must occur in the germ line to be significant in evolutionary terms. J. B. S. Haldane (1892-1964) stated that the number of germ cell divisions per generation is higher in males; therefore the mutation rate will be higher in males. Gene flow (also called migration) brings new genotypes into populations and is critical for the long term survival of a population, especially if it is a small population. For migration to be Catherine Carrick 200884273 effective in respect to evolution there must be successful reproduction among migrating populations. It is the movement of alleles between populations, not individuals. Wrights Island model of migration (Fig. 2) shows that migration homogenizes populations (where they consist of similar elements uniform throughout). Genetic drift is another form of micro-evolution and leads to random changes in allele frequencies. It is fundamentally a result of finite population size and has the most rapid and dramatic effect on small populations who show reduced variability. Drift increases divergence between populations so genetic variation must be replenished. Mutation replenishes variation and at equilibrium there is a balance between the rate of mutation and the rate of drift. Figure 2.Wrights island model. Put together using data from: Lori Lawsons lecture 15, Neutral Evolution and Genetic Drift, 2010 Charles Darwin (1859) defined natural selection (another micro-evolutionary force) with his four postulates; 1) individuals within populations are variable, 2) there is heritability (variation among individuals partly passed on from parents), 3) that in every generation there are some individuals that are fitter (survival/reproductive success) than others and 4) fitness is not random. Natural selection is the equivalent of differential reproduction as a result of an organisms interaction with the environment and the populations inherent variation. It acts on heritable (not acquired) characteristics at an individual level and not for the good of the species. However, the consequences occur in populations. This is demonstrated by melanism in the peppered moth (Biston betularia). The causes of melanism in the peppered moth have been well studied since the 1950s and show natural selection at work. Camouflage is key to predator avoidance in the peppered moth and there are two distinct mor phs. One being white with black or brown specks (typica) and the other predominantly black (carbonaria). The former is well camouflaged on trees with lichen on their bark and the later; better suited to dark or blackened bark. During the industrial revolution in the 19th century, an increase of soot and industrial pollution coincided with the appearance of the carbonaria form. Original studies on the relation between B. betularias crypsis and lichens failed to consider two important details; firstly, that the natural resting place of the moths is high in the canopy during the day and not on the trunk as previously thought, and secondly, human vision was used to simulate a birds view of the moths originally, but avian species are sensitive to different wavelengths of light and so will have a different view of the moths and their respective camouflage to that of humans. Taking this into consideration, Majerus, Brunton and Stalker (2000) devised a more systematic experiment to examine the UV characteristics of Catherine Carrick 200884273 both moth morphs and some of the lichens they rested on as demonstrated by the images in Fig. 3. Figure 3. The typica and carbonaria forms of the peppered moth as they appear in normal visible light (a), and as they appear under UV light (b). Image taken from MAJERUS, BRUNTON STALKER, 2000 It was their conclusion that moth colour provides sufficient camouflage both in human-visible and UV- spectra to crutose lichens (as appose to different lichen flora originally hypothesised to be rested upon by black and peppered morphs). Ultimately, strong selection pressures gave way to relatively rapid the evolution of the carbonaria form in industrialised areas due to the advantages of its dark colour (predator avoidance etc). Methods and Results Assignment 1: Testing the Hardy-Weinberg Principle: Method Using PopGenLab, we are able to set up hypothetical experiments to observe the factors that influence the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium in a population. We can do this by manipulating different input parameters (genotype frequency, tree type, number of stands (groups of trees), stand size (number of trees within a group), migration rate, mating pattern and disaster frequency). For this assignment the input parameters are as follows: Number of stands = 1 All other input parameters are left at default values (equal allele frequencies; genotype frequencies of 50% brown, 25% white, 25% black; equal proportions of each tree type; stand size of 4000; no migration; random mating; disaster frequency set at Never. Results Q 1.1) When looking at the allele and genotype frequencies, there is a change in both over time. All populations behave differently to one another. This is because the only active evolutionary force is genetic drift. Fig. 4 shows that allele frequencies change Catherine Carrick 200884273 over time due to genetic drift, but as all the conditions of the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium are fixed the allele frequencies must equal 1 and so the variation in allele frequency of A becomes the negative of the frequency of a. (Fig. 4). Figure 4. Showing allele frequencies changing over time due to genetic drift. Blue line = Allele A, Red line = Allele a, Green line = average over all stands for allele A Q 1.2) When the initial allele frequencies are changed to A=80% (p), a = 20% (q) (p ² = 0.8 x 0.8 = 0.64); AA = 64% (equilibrium reached after one generation) (Fig 6). If all the Hardy Weinberg conditions are all fixed, the equilibrium will always be reduced in the next generation (Fig.5 and 6). Fig. 5. shows the initial genotype frequency compared with Fig. 6. which shows the genotype frequency after one generation. The actual genotype frequencies (worked out with average stand number) match the Hardy Weinberg predictions as they stay within 1% of the previous generations genotype frequency, across every generation thereafter. However, the percentage may change by 1% due to genetic drift. Figure 5. Display of the initial genotype frequency. Catherine Carrick 200884273 Figure 6. Shows the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium is reached after one generation where 0.64=64% homozygous AA individuals. Assignment 2: Genetic Drift Method Q 2.1) Firstly we ran an experiment with default values for all the Hardy Weinberg conditions and 100 populations. We then ran a series of experiments with 100 populations and default parameters for all conditions except tree stand size which was systematically reduced for each experiment. We recorded the effects on allele and genotype frequency (below). Fig. 7 shows that stand size 10 produced the largest fluctuations of allele frequencies, and displayed the most cases of allele fixing. Results Stand size = 4000 (carrying capacity) Allele frequency- the average remains constant for A and a Genotype frequency stays relatively constant throughout. Stand size = 2000 Allele frequency the average show slight variation Genotype frequency stays relatively constant. Stand size = 1000 Allele frequency the average starts to diverge more with each generation from F45 (generation 45) onwards showing a lot more variation than in larger stand sizes Genotype frequency the average frequency stays constant although there is some variation compared with larger stand sizes Catherine Carrick 200884273 Stand size = 500 Allele frequency The average shows variation in the later generations Genotype frequency the average stays relatively constant but still with more variation than in any other larger stand thus far Stand size = 250 Allele frequency the average shows some variation in the mid-generations, but this returns to a 50:50 frequency in the later generations Genotype frequency on average, the frequency of both white and black variations of moth increases and shows a large variation between stands. Heterozygosity the brown variation decreases by 9% over 100 generations Stand size = 100 Allele frequency the average shows more variation, but to the point where in some stands alleles within individual populations become fixed Genotype frequency the frequency of homozygotes increases. In some stands the homozygosity (black) becomes fixed, phasing out the other tow variations (white and brown) Heterozygosity drops by 22% Stand size = 50 Allele frequency frequencies become fixed for a single allele quickly (by F23) Genotype frequency Many stands become fixed for one variation within a few generations Heterozygosity drops by 33% after 100 generations Stand size = 10 Allele frequency becomes fixed within a population after two generations, and continues to become fixed in other populations. By F77, all are fixed Genotype frequency every single genotype becomes homozygous or extinct Heterozygosity by F77 all heterozygosity is lost and by F100 there are only homozygous populations, with the other (70%) becoming extinct There are many variations in allele and genotype frequency between different stands because as the stand number decreases, the chance of genetic drift increases. Figure 7 shows that at stand size 10, heterozygosity was lost completely by F77. Catherine Carrick 200884273 Figure 7. (stand size 10): this produced the largest fluctuations of allele frequencies, and displayed the most cases of allele fixing. (Blue = A, Red = a, Green = average) Q 2.2) As the stand size decreased, so did the heterozygosity. Populations began fixation in stand size 100 to stand size 50. As the stand size decreased, the number of fixed alleles increased. When the carrying capacity became too small, there was not enough variation to prevent fixation. Random mating account for the variation between fixed and non-fixed alleles in stand size 100 and stand size 50. Fig. 8. shows that with a stand size of 10, heterozygosity diminished completely by F77. Therefore, the smaller the population, the quicker heterozygosity is lost. Figure 8. Question 2:2 (stand size 10): This shows the heterozygosity diminished completely by F77. The green line (average) tends to diminishing heterozygosity. Catherine Carrick 200884273 Figure 9. Question 2:3 (stand size 10): Shows population of stand number 15 and how it fluctuates around the average value, it also shows that when the population dwindled to a certain point, it wasnt able to re-establish the numbers enough to prevent extinction. Q 2.3) Yes populations from stand size 10 became extinct (70% of them) therefore, as the carrying capacity decreases, the risk of extinction increases. There is variation within generations due to factors like predation or whether the offspring are male biased for example. There may be a lower population size in the next generation depending on mating strategies (random mating) and occasionally, the parameters reach a point of no return and the population can not recover and so becomes extinct. Others avoid extinction because the experiment is random. Fig. 9. (where stand size = 10) shows population of stand number 15 and how it fluctuates around the average value, it also shows that when the population dwindled to a certain point, it wasnt able to re-establish the numbers enough to prevent extinction. Assignment 3: The Influence of Mating Patterns on Population Genetics Method In this experiment we set all default parameters except for the number of tree stands which was set to 100. The first experiment was carried out with random mating, and the subsequent experiments with non-random mating. We then varied the population size as before, this time to compare the effects of assertive mating with genetic drift. Results Q 3.1) The effects of 25% assortative mating: Genotype frequency 25% assortative mating causes an increase in homozygotes, and heterozygosity is lost by F80 Allele frequency (produces a sigmoidal shaped graph). All become fixed for a single allele. Heterozygosity the average heterozygosity is lost at F80 Catherine Carrick 200884273 50% assortative mating: Genotype frequency all homozygotes with an almost 1:1 ratio aa being slightly more dominant Allele frequency (sigmoidal graph) all fixed by F50 Heterozygosity lost by F33 (average heterozygosity) 100% assortative mating Genotype frequency quickly becomes homozygote dominated Allele frequency All fixed fro a single allele by F15 Heterozygosity Average lost by F4 Heterozygosity is lost under assortative mating. This is because heterozygotes are at a reproductive disadvantage as homozygotes will mate with like genotypes. Heterozygotes will not be produced by these matings either. Q 3.2) Results Population size 2000 (stand size), 100% assortative mating: Genotype frequency all homozygous by F4 Allele f fixed by F14 Heterozygosity average lost by F4 Population size 2000, 50% assortative mating Genotype f all homozygous by F25 Allele f all fixed by F29 Heterozygosity average lost by F25 Population size 250, 100% assortative mating Genotype f all homozygous by F4 Allele f all fixed by F12 Heterozygosity lost at F4 Population size 250, 50% assortative mating Genotype f all homozygous by F25 Allele f all fixed by F28 Heterozygosity lost at F25 Assortative mating dominates control of allele frequencies and the speed that alleles become fixed within a population compared with the effects of genetic drift (because the homozygotes are all mating with the same genotype and not with heterozygotes). Assortative mating is not dependant on carrying capacity. The size of the population is irrelevant when assortative mating is occurring. The results are similar for a high or a low population size. Catherine Carrick 200884273 Q 3.3) Method We conducted a series of experiments using disassortative mating and selected different levels of mating between 0% (random mating) and 100% (only unlike phenotypes mate). We then changed the population size from 2000 to 250 to see the effects of disassortative mating on genetic drift. Results Dissasortative mating shows that AA and aa will mate which increases heterozygosity and stabilises the population as shown in the results below: Population size 2000, 100% disassortative mating Geno (genotype frequency) heterozygote is predominant Allele (allele frequency) none become fixed. There is variation but it stays within 31% 68% variation Hetero (heterozygosity) increases in the first generation then remains constant Pop size 2000, 50% disassortative mating Geno predominantly heterozygote Allele none become fixed. There is less variation than with 100% disassortative mating. Variation is between 43% and 57% Hetero Increases in 1st generation and remains constant Pop size 250, 100% disassortative mating Geno -slight heterozygote increase Allele No fixed alleles. There is much greater variation than seen previously with a larger population size, between 21% and 79% Hetero increases in 1st generation then remains steady and begins to decrease. Remains above the initial percentage Pop size 250, 50% disassortative mating Geno heterozygosity increases steadily Allele No fixed alleles. Variation is less than with 100% disassortative mating and population size of 250. Variation levels out between 33% and 67% Hetero increases in the 1st generation and remains constant with a few small fluctuations which level back out Q 3.4) There would be more heterozygosity in the next generation when disassortative mating occurs and if this kind of mating is maintained, the effects of genetic drift occur much slower because the populations are prevented from diverging. Fig. 10 shows the comparison between disassortative mating and random mating where random mating allows genetic drift. Drift can still occur during dissasortative mating when the carrying capacity is very low. Catherine Carrick 200884273 Figure 10. (picture on left): Random mating, pop size 250 showing genetic drift acting to diverge allele frequencies. (picture on right): 50% dissassortative mating, population size 250 shows that dissasortative mating acts to counter genetic drift. Q 3.5) Method For this experiment we varied the initial genotype frequency for assortative and disassortative mating. We tried experiments where the initial allele frequency favoured one or the other allele. Fig. 11 show starting frequencies of 50/50% assortative mating. A small deviation in starting frequencies affects the final fixation percentages (Fig. 11). We did not include the brown allele in this experiment as the extra variable is not needed. Figure 11) Shows starting frequencies of 50/50% (50%-white allele, 50% black allele) with assortative mating = 100%. Small deviation in starting freq effects final fixation percentages. Catherine Carrick 200884273 Results Under dissassortative mating the time taken for equilibrium to establish is negatively correlated with the degree of deviation from a 1:1 starting allele ratio. Under assortative mating, fixation or loss of alleles is negatively correlated with the degree of deviation from a 1:1 starting allele ratio. Assignment 4: Modes of Natural Selection Q 4.1) Method In this experiment we investigated how fitness affects changes in allele frequency in the population. We began with default parameters except tree stand number (set at 100) and genotype frequencies. We changed the tree frequency to set up several experiments under conditions of directional selection for dark moths, directional selection for light moths, balancing selection favouring the brown moth, and diversifying selection favouring the dark and light moths. We tried experiments with the different conditions of selection and initial allele frequencies near zero and one. Results Directional selection for black moths where they tree frequencies are 50% black, 25% white and 25% brown trees gave the following results: Allele frequency becomes fixed rapidly by F10 (on average by F9) Genotype frequencies at F10 genotype becomes fixed for black allele In a small population, alleles become fixed more quickly but in larger populations allele frequencies are not affected as much. We kept the population size high so we would not see genetic drift in the experiment (4000 carrying capacity) with tree frequencies of 35%, 32% and 33%. Even the small amount of selection (35% black trees) shows fixation of alleles for the black morph of moth (Fig. 12). Selection for light moths gives the same results as selection for black moths. Figure 12. shows allele becoming fixed rapidly, due to a tiny increase in black trees on left, white trees on right (35 %) Catherine Carrick 200884273 Q 4.2) Starting figures are as follows: Black tree 25% Allele black 25% Brown tree 50% Allele brown 50% White tree 25% Allele white 25% After one generation, allele frequency remains stable (between 48% and 52%) and the genotype frequency becomes predominantly brown. This is because there is always the presence of black and white genotypes which cause slight variation. If you change the selection of trees to black 10%, white 10%, brown 80%, almost identical results occur (between 49% and 51% variation in allele frequency = stabilized). Q 4.3) To show diversifying selection we set the tree types to 45% black, 45% white and 10% brown. Genotype frequency by the 1st generation, there was a large decrease in brown morphs of moth and the equivalent increase in black and white morphs. This continues till F5 when the black morph became slightly more dominant (on average) due to random mating. The brown morph was phased out by F18 (on average) on most of the 100 tree stands. All alleles become fixed for either black or white by F23 (49% white, 51% black) (Fig 13). Figure 13. Shows 50% black and 50% white showing a 1:1 ratio Q 4.4) Small differences in fitness are effective in changing allele frequencies. Small differences in fitness have proportionally slower rates of allele frequency change compared with large differences in fitness. We conducted additional experiments with varying proportions of tree types. The results are as follows: (Where stand size = 4000, number of stands = 100, allele frequencies = white 20%, brown 60%, black 20%, tree frequencies = white 32%, brown 32%, black 36%). Even though there are a lower proportion of black alleles (A) to begin with, those alleles will have a higher fitness than white or brown as there is a higher percentage of black tree types. Over time this will equate to an increase in black morphs. There is, however, a Catherine Carrick 200884273 point where even if the black allele is fittest but there isnt a high enough population in the first place, it will crash and not recover. Q 4.5) Genetic variation is maintained under balancing selection because the allele frequencies remain stable. There is no fixation (presuming the all mating is random). The heterozygote allele is favoured and thus balances the homozygous allele. Assignment 5: Migration Q 5.1) Migration counteracts the effects of genetic drift. (Fig 14 and 15) Figure 14. Stand size of 500 and no migration shows heterozygosity varying over all populations. Green line = average heterozygosity over all populations. Figure 15. Shows stand size 500, and 8% migration. Shows migration maintains heterozygosity and there is less deviation from the average (green line) Catherine Carrick 200884273 Assignment 6: Population Bottlenecks Q 6.1) Disaster led to the loss of alleles and reduced heterozygosity. The more disasters there where, the more decreased the diversity became. (Fig 16, 17, 18) Figure 16. Control condition Shows low drift conferred by high population sizes (4000), all other variables adjusted to give Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Figure 17. Disaster parameters set to sometimes as opposed to never. Individual populations prone to fixation and loss of alleles. Catherine Carrick 200884273 Figure 18. Disaster frequency set to often rather than sometimes. Loss of diversity occurs faster than in figure 13 with most populations losing one or the other allele by generation 80. Q 6.2) Disaster increased the rate of extinction. The more regular the disaster, the more extinctions. Q 6.3) Migration moderated the effect that disasters had on the population. Discussion The results of our experiments clearly show that genetic drift effects smaller populations where heterozygoisity is lost rapidly and as the carrying capacity decreases, the risk of extinction increases. The is because the proportion of individuals with a certain phenotype within a small population are largely influenced by random variation in survival, and over time, the change in proportion of genotypes in subsequent generations leads to genetic drift. If one was to aim to conserve a hypothetical species, one would expect that because it is endangered, it would be a small population. To maintain genetic diversity among this species, one would need a large enough breeding population to begin with. Unfortunately, as is the case with most endangered species, populations become geographically isolated, mainly due to human disruption of habitat. Migration between breeding populations decreases and they become fragmented. Conservation efforts may be due to natural disasters such as tsunam is, fires etc, but are mainly to prevent the constant onslaught of human activities such as illegal logging in conservation areas. Figure 17 illustrates the effects of a bottleneck following a disaster, showing reduced variability (and a small population) leading to loss and/or fixation of alleles. As with genetic drift, the way to prevent population crashes, or rather soften the effects of bottlenecks, is to encourage migration among populations. This can be achieved by implementing the protection of corridors between known endangered populations. In theory, the populations can migrate between areas, maintaining a high enough level of breeding and genetic variation, to counter the effects of inbreeding depression or genetic drift (Fig 14 and 15). An example of how corridors may re-connect fragmented populations can be seen in Bhutans Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park (www.panthera.org). Catherine Carrick 200884273 Figure 19. Map of known tiger populations (red) and proposed tiger corridors (orange). Data taken from www.panthera.org The proposed Eastern Himalayan corridor may help towards connecting isolated populations of tigers, and thus increasing genetic diversity (if these populations successfully reproduce with one another) (Fig 19). Random mating, as apposed to assortative mating, will increase heterozygosity and stabilise a population (Fig 10). This acts against genetic drift and stops the population form diverging as quickly. In a hypothetical situation then, you would preferably allow mating to occur naturally and at random. However, some conservation efforts include that of translocation of individuals or cross breeding certain individuals from separate populations. For this to be advantageous to the species, one must consider maintaining genetic diversity by genotyping the individuals before translocation. It would be senseless to swap or breed an AA individual with another AA individual from a separate population as this would lead to loss or fixation and not increase diversity. Our studies with B. betularia in question 4 to 4.5 show that intermediates are favoured over extreme phenotypes and that genetic variation is maintained under balancing (stabilizing) selection because the allele frequencies remain stable. There is no fixation (presuming the all mating is random). The heterozygote allele is favoured and thus balances the homozygous allele. As well as considering the genetic diversity of a species and its genealogy, one must understand the species by means of observations in the field including its behaviour. Later studies of B. betularia reinforced the need for such observations as it was found to rest high in the branches rather than on the trunks of trees as previously calculated. Also, modern science allowed for the study of its UV qualities which had otherwise been unaccounted for when considering levels of predation by birds. A close study of mating patterns should ideally be assessed to ensure the outcome of migration; corridors, translocation etc will be advantageous in terms of fitness. Catherine Carrick 200884273

Chemical Engineer :: essays research papers

Chemical Engineer The chemical engineer is an invaluable link between scientific principles and manufacturing realities. It involves the use of chemical, physical, and engineering principles. The scientist in a laboratory does basic research to develop new compounds and processes. When the scientist discovers a product that may be useful, the chemical engineer takes over. They adapt the product for big scale manufacturing. They do this by designing a plant to produce the item on large scale. Thus the engineer is the link between the laboratory and commercial production. The chemical engineer’s earnings depend on several factors. Their educational background dictates much of what the engineer will earn. Also, experience and the location of the employer will make a very big difference. The starting salary for a chemical engineer with a Bachelor’s Degree can range from $30,000 to over 35,000 per year. An engineer with a Master’s Degree can earn anywhere from $35,000 to over $40,000. A chemical engineer with a doctorate can earn $45,000 to well over $60,000. "To be successful in chemical engineering, one must be curious and persevering" (Finney IV 13). The person must be flexible in order to adapt to each phase encountered. They must also be ambitious. Honesty is another very important trait. They must be cooperative since they are a member of a team. In order to get a job as a chemical engineer, a person should have at least a Bachelor’s Degree. The degree should be in chemical engineering. The degree is acquired by four years of study. Subjects studied include engineering, drawing, chemistry, mathematics, English and speech, computing, economics, and social studies. The actual specialization in chemical engineering is usually in the third year of study. There are many advantages that go along with this job. The career offers challenges in both science and industry. Also, the work allows for other companies to expand and hire more people. Thus, this creates new jobs. There are also disadvantages. First, there is a great responsibility placed onto the engineer. Also, there is a great deal of pressure involved with this kind of work. The future for the chemical engineer looks very promising. As new drugs and vaccines develop, the chemical engineer will be needed. This a new and exciting field to work in. Many people are becoming more and more interested in it. This increase in engineers called for and increase in jobs. Someone interested in becoming a chemical engineer should concentrate on the sciences in high school. They should be "good" at chemistry and physics. Chemical Engineer :: essays research papers Chemical Engineer The chemical engineer is an invaluable link between scientific principles and manufacturing realities. It involves the use of chemical, physical, and engineering principles. The scientist in a laboratory does basic research to develop new compounds and processes. When the scientist discovers a product that may be useful, the chemical engineer takes over. They adapt the product for big scale manufacturing. They do this by designing a plant to produce the item on large scale. Thus the engineer is the link between the laboratory and commercial production. The chemical engineer’s earnings depend on several factors. Their educational background dictates much of what the engineer will earn. Also, experience and the location of the employer will make a very big difference. The starting salary for a chemical engineer with a Bachelor’s Degree can range from $30,000 to over 35,000 per year. An engineer with a Master’s Degree can earn anywhere from $35,000 to over $40,000. A chemical engineer with a doctorate can earn $45,000 to well over $60,000. "To be successful in chemical engineering, one must be curious and persevering" (Finney IV 13). The person must be flexible in order to adapt to each phase encountered. They must also be ambitious. Honesty is another very important trait. They must be cooperative since they are a member of a team. In order to get a job as a chemical engineer, a person should have at least a Bachelor’s Degree. The degree should be in chemical engineering. The degree is acquired by four years of study. Subjects studied include engineering, drawing, chemistry, mathematics, English and speech, computing, economics, and social studies. The actual specialization in chemical engineering is usually in the third year of study. There are many advantages that go along with this job. The career offers challenges in both science and industry. Also, the work allows for other companies to expand and hire more people. Thus, this creates new jobs. There are also disadvantages. First, there is a great responsibility placed onto the engineer. Also, there is a great deal of pressure involved with this kind of work. The future for the chemical engineer looks very promising. As new drugs and vaccines develop, the chemical engineer will be needed. This a new and exciting field to work in. Many people are becoming more and more interested in it. This increase in engineers called for and increase in jobs. Someone interested in becoming a chemical engineer should concentrate on the sciences in high school. They should be "good" at chemistry and physics.

Writing and Personal Experience Essay

Personal experience essay writing largely refers to describing personal experience, as the title suggests. Usually, this type of essay would include describing some, incident or ordeal you have been through. However, it may also refer to a string of related incidents that you remember as one whole experience. It is entirely up to you how you choose to handle your Personal experience essay. Regardless of which way you wish to go about writing your essay, there is a general format that you would want to follow. Also, making an outline would help you to stay organized, and it would prevent you from wandering away from the main topic points.A general format for a Personal experience essay would include an introduction, a body and a conclusion. It is best to describe your points in chronological order, starting with the first point in your introduction, and winding up with you last in your conclusion. However, in a Personal experience essay you might need to include flashbacks at certain stages in your essay in order to refresh your reader's memory. You must remain as clear as possible when doing so. For your Personal experience essay, choose an experience that is easy to write about.Keeping it simple will allow you to have control over what you want to write about. You might not need to mention every detail you have in mind. The best approach is for you to make an outline of the experience. Your Personal experience essay is like any other essay in this way because you need to make brief pints to create a flow. However, you are generally free to go about your writing the way that you feel comfortable. In a Personal experience essay you do not need to support your claims or experiences with scholarly sources. Your experiences are entirely your own.However, you may want to compare your experience with some well known one. This is helpful in a Personal experience essay, and can stir a reader's interest. Though you are free to write in any style you want, avoid making g eneral statements. You need to make your statements match your personal experience. In a Personal experience essay, the primary focus is for you to describe yourself in relation to the incident you experience. You will need to increase the intensity of this when you start writing the main body of the essay. In a Personal experience essay, the body carries the main weight in terms of your personal description.The introduction deals with leading your reader into the main discussion while the conclusion should explain how the incident or personal experience has influenced you. For writing a Personal experience essay, there are few small but significant points you will find helpful. These include describing your experience through using your senses [whatever you see, feel, hear, smell, and taste]. In a Personal experience essay, you should also describe your thoughts, emotions, and actions. These will all help to bring out how the experience has influenced you.

Bullfrog Essay Essays

Bullfrog Essay Essays Bullfrog Essay Essay Bullfrog Essay Essay Rana Catesbeiana (Bullfrog) Essay I was amazed to find out just how ancient frogs are. For 190 million years, the ancestors of modern frogs have roamed the earth, looking much the same as they do today. This means that at one time when there was a huge dinosaur eating a plant, there could have been some type of frog down by its feet. About 3,800 species of frogs and toads have developed since the dinosaur days. The secret to their success is their amazing adaptability. Frogs have evolved to live in a large variety of climates. They can be found just about anywhere there is fresh water- on all continents except Antarctica. Though they thrive in warm, moist tropical climates, frogs also live in deserts and high on 15,000-foot mountain slopes. They can be so adaptable because they are cold blooded, which means that their body temperature can change along with the temperature around them. When temperatures drop, some frogs dig burrows underground or in the mud at the bottom of ponds. They hibernate in these burrows until spring, perfectly still and scarcely breathing. A frog’s skin also plays a big role in their survival. It is through their skin that they both drink and breathe. Frogs dont swallow water; they get all the moisture they need through their skin, which must stay moist. If it dries out, oxygen cant pass easily through it and the frog can suffocate. Frog skin secretes mucus that helps keep it moist. Even so, their skin tends to dry out easily, which is why they usually stay near bodies of water. About once a week, frogs shed their skin. The process begins with the frog doing a lot of twisting, bending, and stretching to loosen the old skin. Then the frog pulls the skin over its head like a sweater and usually eats it. Two other parts of the frog have helped it to survive all these years as well. First, the hind legs of the frog, which enable some frogs to jump twenty times their body length. This would allow them to quickly get away from any predators. A frogs two front legs have four toes each, while the back legs have five toes each. Most aquatic frogs have webbed back feet to help them swim, another way to get away from an enemy. Frogs that live on land tend to have shorter legs for walking and climbing, but are still able to swim in water. The other part of the body that help them survive so long are their big, bulging eyes, as they are able to see in all directions. Frogs large eyes see a wide range of colors and also see well in dim light. This not only increases their chances of surviving a predator, but also decreases the ability of their prey to get away. Since they have such big eyes, they are able to see their own prey and target them for food. It has been found that when a frog sticks out its tongue to catch an insect or other food source, it briefly closes its eyes. The frog must therefore, know exactly where its target is, and aim, before the tongue leaves the mouth. The positioning of the eyes, on top of the head, allows a frog to sit in the water with only its eyes and nose above the surface, so they do not have to leave the water for food. Frogs eat almost any live prey they can find, including insects, snails, spiders, and worms, or small fish. Their tongue is long and sticky and takes less than a second to roll out, stick to prey, and roll back into the frogs mouth. Their mating call is sometimes called an advertisement call. It is made by the male in the water and which helps the females to identify with her species. Each species has a different type of mating call. This is difficult to decipher around a pond of noisy frogs. When they mate, the male frog climbs onto females back, grasping her with his front legs. As the female lays her eggs, usually into water the male release sperm that fertilizes them. There may be anywhere from one to hundreds or thousands of soft, jelly-covered eggs. The eggs hatch within three to twenty five days, and few will survive the difficult trip to adulthood. Among most frogs, a tadpole will hatch and spend the next few years growing into a frog. The changes begin when the hind legs sprout. Soon after, lungs develop and the front legs appear. Meanwhile, the tail gradually shrinks. Just before becoming a frog, the tadpoles gills disappear. The tiny froglet emerges from the water with just a stump of a tail, which soon disappears. The observations that I took did little justice to the complexity of Rana Catesbeiana, the bullfrog. Frogs have been living on this Earth for millions of years and have perfected their lifestyle throughout that time. The amazement of these creatures is that they can survive well in nature, but can also be house pets for children to play with and learn from. There are myths that have surrounded frogs and superstitions that have risen over the years. One that comes to mind is that if you kiss a frog, you will get a wart. Like many superstitions and legends, no one knows for sure where that one came from, but watching these little amphibians, I highly doubt that they could do any harm.

The Escape Analysis Essays

The Escape Analysis Essays The Escape Analysis Paper The Escape Analysis Paper Analysis of the story â€Å"The Escape† by Somerset Maugham. Sometimes men cannot say â€Å"No† to women, although they want it, and that’s why they have to make up some situations to make women say them â€Å"No†. The short story â€Å"The Escape† written by Somerset Maugham is exactly about this case, about the conflict between man and woman, and this escape is the main theme of the text. The idea of the story is that one should put on his thinking and act very carefully, as sometimes procrastination can give better results than haste. The message of the story is that a woman can be sly and scheming, but a man can make it his way also. This story makes the reader think about life and relationships and it is not surprising, because S. Maugham became known as a master of human soul, a wise man who not only knows how to depict, the hypocrisy and brutality of bourgeois society, but also has the ability to portray different characters in clear and natural Manner. The text â€Å"The Escape† under consideration begins with a key sentence which contains the whole content of the story in the folded form. Maugham writes about the relationship between Roger Charing and Ruth Barlow. Roger’s friend describes everything, whose name we don’t know. Roger Charing is a young man, who has a lot of money. And he falls in love with Ruth Barlow – an unhappy woman, who was twice a widow. They were happy together and they decided to marry. Then suddenly Roger fell out of love with Ruth, and he found the way, how to make Ruth release him. He told her that they would marry, when they would find the perfect house for both of them. However time passed away and Roger rejected all the orders of the agents offering a new house. At last Ruth lost her patience and left Roger herself. The title of the text is one word that consist the definite article ‘the’ and the noun ‘escape’. The definite article ‘the’ is here not accidentally – it claims that text is about exactly this escape and not any in the world. The story begins with the narrator’s introduction of the problem that if a woman wants to marry a man, it’s a man’s hazard and he has to find the way out of the situation. This is the exposition of the story. The exposition is written in the ironic tone. Such epithets as instant flight, inevitable loom, the narrator’s note â€Å"with a tooth brush for all his luggage, so conscious was he of his danger and the necessity for immediate action† make this effect. Then comes the inciting moment, in which both Roger Charing and Ruth Barlow are introduced. It is said that Ruth was twice a widow and it is said ironic, because the reader can think that Roger is the next victim, through the simile â€Å"He went down like a row of ninepins†. He also gives a direct description of Ruth’s eyes using the epithets â€Å"splendid†, â€Å"moving†, â€Å"big and lovely†, a detached epithet â€Å"poor dear† – all in the ironic way. The modal verb must, exclamatory sentence, parallel constructions â€Å"if she married a husband beat her, if she employed a broker he cheated her, if she engaged a cook she drank†, the allusion â€Å"She never had a little lamb but it was sure to die† make a humorous effect. We can recognize now completely that all the narrator’s words were ironic, because his epithets towards Ruth are like that, and also â€Å"stupid† and a simile â€Å"as hard as nails†. Then there comes an explanation of why he has such an attitude towards the poor widow. Going further, we come across an anticlimax. The tense is growing, but then Roger â€Å"on a sudden, fell out of love†. This is a bit unexpected. Ruth’s â€Å"pathetic (a repeated epithet) look ceased to wring Roger’s heart-strings† (a metaphor). But Roger â€Å"swore a solemn oath† (a metaphor) not to jilt Ruth, moreover, she was able to â€Å"assess her wounded feelings at an immoderately high figure† (an extended metaphor). And here begins the real climax with its growing tense. The author uses repetitions â€Å"they†¦ they†, â€Å"sometimes†¦ sometimes†, â€Å"they looked, they inspected, they climbed†. After the main heroes’ reasoning in direct speech, their proceeded searching for a house looks like a repetition, too. Yet, the author uses an antonomasia here, calling Roger an angel, though we know he is not – an irony. Their further reasoning in the direct speech appears to be the climax: â€Å"do you want to marry me or do you not? † Roger kept standing on his position epithets â€Å"assiduous and gallant†. Their letters are resolution of the text.

Labor Union Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Labor Union - Research Paper Example Usually, the agreements reached by the union leadership are ever binding on the file and rank members as well as to the employer. In some cases, the negotiations incorporate the plight of non-member workers. Labor unions originated from Europe and became popular in several countries, particularly during the industrial revolution. During this period, there was no skilled labor and most jobs shifted employment to bargain power entirely to the side of employers (Munck, 2004). This shift led to mistreat of many workers while other were being underpaid. Labor union organizations may comprise of individual professionals, workers, past workers, and the unemployed. (Benson, 2008) Nonetheless, their most common means or the main purpose of these organizations is to â€Å"improve or maintain the working conditions of its members or the employment† (International Labour Office, 2008). For the past three hundred years or so, labor unions have developed numerous ways advocating for their members. These activities vary and they include benefit provision to members: ancient labor unions such as the Friendly Societies, used to provide varied benefits aimed at insuring members against illness, old age, unemployment, and funeral expenses (Wagner, 2007). However, due to the current developments among states, these activities have been assumed by the government. For instance, in developed countries, the state has assumed the same functions. However, members’ professional training provision, representation and legal representation are still a vital benefit of the labor union membership. Secondly, the trade union through (Benson, 2008) it leadership plays the role of collective bargaining. In this case, the labor union is capable of operating openly; thus, are recognized by employers. In collective bargaining, the union often negotiates with employers over the plight of employees, especially on then issues regarding wages and working conditions. Thirdly, unions are often interested in the industrial action: the union may opt to enforce strikes or boycott or resistance to lockouts with the main intension of furthering some specific goals (Roth, 2010). Fourth in the list is the involvement on the labor union in political activities. The labor union may sometimes opt to promote certain legislations that would intern be in the interest of workers or its members. (Wagner, 2007) In order to achieve such, the union may pursue campaigns, support individual candidate financially, undertake lobbying, or support a party for a political office; particularly if such a party supports the interest of workers. For instance, the labor unions in Britain often support the Labour Party since the party serves the interest of workers or the union members. It is worth noting that union laws vary per country. This is also true with their functions. Additionally, the re lationship between the unions and political parties varies. In most countries, the union share leadership with some political parties or they are tightly bonded with such political parties that are perceived as serving the interest of workers. Typically such scenarios may be regarded as left wing, social democratic party, or socialist; however some exceptions exist (Fink, 1977). Notably, the employment laws structures normally affect the roles of the unions as

Media Entertainment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Media Entertainment - Essay Example This report declares that the purpose of media entertainment is to, simply put, entertain the masses. The various mediums of media offer different experiences, allowing everyone to have more than a couple of options of how to be entertained. Music entertainment exists for people who only want to please their sense of hearing; for people that like to sing along with their music, it also offers them the chance to engage with this form of entertainment. Television shows and movies provide people with the opportunity to watch various exploits as if viewing from the sidelines. Video games all people to actually engage with the storyline of their entertainment. For those that like to watch or listen to news broadcasts or sporting events, they can do so without having to leave their home. There is a form of media for everyone. This paper explores that the various functions of media entertainment encompass various ways to entertain and inform people. Though there are people that believe the media will be the downfall of intelligence in children and the human race as a whole, studies have shown that being subjected to media entertainment, regardless of the medium, can help a person to become well rounded and cultured, as they are experiences different life events, situations, and artistic expression via the media. However, to make the learning experience more enjoyable, the media really has to play up on the entertaining aspects of their entertainment. Likewise, the entertaining aspects of the media also need to be as such to attract various audiences and to bring them coming back for more.